Scientists unveil prostate cancer’s ‘Rosetta Stone’
Almost 90% of men with advanced prostate cancer carry genetic mutations in their tumours that could be targeted by either existing or new cancer drugs, a landmark new study reveals.
Scientists in the UK and the US have created a comprehensive map of the genetic mutations within lethal prostate cancers that have spread around the body, in a paper being hailed as the disease’s ‘Rosetta Stone’.
Researchers say that doctors could now start testing for these ‘clinically actionable’ mutations and give patients with advanced prostate cancer existing drugs or drug combinations targeted at these specific genomic aberrations in their cancers.
The study was led in the UK by scientists at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, in collaboration with researchers from eight academic clinical trials centres around the world.
Uniquely, doctors at The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and at hospitals in the US were able to collect large numbers of samples of metastatic cancers – cancers that had spread from the original tumour to other parts of the body.
Normally these samples are extremely hard to access, and this is the first study in the world to carry out in-depth analysis of metastatic prostate cancers that are resistant to standard treatments.
Researchers analysed the genetic codes of metastatic tumours from the bone, soft tissues, lymph nodes and liver of 150 patients with advanced prostate cancer.
Nearly two thirds of the men in the study had mutations in a molecule that interacts with the male hormone androgen which is targeted by current standard treatments – potentially opening up new avenues for hormone therapy.
Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes – most famous for their roles in breast cancer – were found in nearly 20% of patients. Recent work at the ICR and The Royal Marsden has shown that these patients can be treated effectively by drugs called PARP inhibitors.
Researchers also discovered new mutations, never detected before in prostate cancer, but which do occur in other cancers. These include mutations in the PI3K and RAF gene families which can also be targeted by existing drugs, either currently in trials or approved for use in the clinic.
The researchers also took blood tests to analyse patients’ own genomes, and found that 8% were born with DNA errors that predisposed them to prostate cancer. They said this could strengthen the case for genetic screening for people with a family history of the disease.
Institute for Cancer Research
